AA Battery Brochure - Dimensions, Comparison Chart, Frequently Asked Questions

AA batteries are one of the most common batteries used in home electronics. The most common types of AA batteries are alkaline, lithium, and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH).AA batteries are made with different chemistries, so capacity, voltage, discharge characteristics, and other features are important when powering sensitive electronic devices.

Catalog

AA Batteries

Dimensions of AA Batteries

The AA battery, characterized by its cylindrical shape with a diameter of 14.5 millimeters and a length of 50.5 millimeters, was first introduced by the American Ever Ready Company in 1907. Known by various names across different regions and standards (such as Z battery, UM-3, and D14), the AA battery serves as a crucial component in a myriad of devices.

Chemical Compositions and Characteristics

AA batteries are available in multiple chemical compositions, including alkaline, lithium, and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). These different types possess unique voltage, capacity, and other characteristics, which are often detailed in comprehensive tables illustrating their specifications. Alkaline batteries, for instance, typically offer a voltage of 1.5V and are widely recognized for their affordability.

Voltage of AA Batteries (V)

The voltage of AA batteries is determined by their chemical composition. This variation in voltage plays a significant role, as it directly influences the performance and suitability of each battery type for specific applications.

- Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) and Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries typically produce a voltage of 1.2V. These rechargeable batteries are often preferred for their ability to handle numerous charge cycles, making them ideal for applications requiring frequent battery replacement. Commonly used in cordless phones and portable devices, their performance can be less affected by temperature variations.

- Zinc-Carbon and Alkaline batteries, alongside Nickel Oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) and Lithium Iron Disulfide (Li-FeS2), have an approximate voltage of 1.5V. Alkaline batteries are particularly popular because they balance cost and performance, frequently powering household electronics such as remote controls and clocks. The higher voltage of these batteries, compared to NiCd and NiMH, often results in a longer initial run time in high-drain devices.

- Nickel-Zinc (NiZn) batteries deliver a voltage range of 1.6-1.65V. This higher voltage makes them a superior choice for devices that demand more power. Their enhanced energy density and ability to maintain a stable voltage under load make them viable for use in cameras and other electronic devices where consistent performance is crucial.

- Lithium Manganese Dioxide (Li-MnO2) batteries provide a voltage of 3.0V. Known for their high energy density and long shelf life, they are particularly suited for critical applications such as medical devices and high-drain electronics. These batteries excel in maintaining consistent performance even after extended periods of storage.

- Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries have a typical voltage of 3.2V. Their stable chemical composition makes them highly safe and reliable, suitable for use in high-power applications, including power tools and electric vehicles. These batteries are seen as a sustainable option due to their long cycle life and thermal stability.

- Lithium Thionyl Chloride (Li-SOCl2) batteries offer a voltage of 3.5-3.6V. With an exceptional energy density and a long operational life over a wide temperature range, they are often employed in industrial applications, including remote sensing equipment, where reliability and longevity are paramount. It would be interesting to explore how they manage to perform so consistently across such varied conditions.

- Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) batteries generally produce between 3.6-3.7V. Their high energy density and rechargeability make them ubiquitous in modern portable electronics such as smartphones and laptops. The efficiency and long cycle life of Li-ion batteries have revolutionized consumer electronics, with ongoing innovations further enhancing their performance and safety.

AA Battery Capacity (mAh - milliampere-hour)

The capacity of AA batteries varies significantly, ranging from 500 mAh to over 3300 mAh. Alkaline batteries (single-use) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries (rechargeable) are the most commonly used types. However, lithium AA batteries are also rapidly advancing.

Alkaline Batteries

Alkaline batteries typically have capacities of around 1200 mAh to 3000 mAh. They are ideal for low-drain devices such as remote controls and wall clocks.

Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries

Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries offer capacities ranging from 600 mAh to 2800 mAh and are rechargeable, maintaining steady performance over multiple cycles. Practices such as proper charging and storage can enhance their lifespan.

Lithium AA Batteries

The newest development in this field is lithium AA batteries. Boasting capacities exceeding 3000 mAh, they excel in both low and high-drain applications. Lithium AA batteries have a significantly lower self-discharge rate, making them highly reliable over extended periods of inactivity. They are also capable of operating in a broader temperature range, adding to their versatility.

- Observation: The lower self-discharge rate of lithium batteries can make them particularly suitable for emergency devices or outdoor gadgets that might not be in constant use.

Selecting the appropriate AA battery depends on the specific requirements of the device in use and the user's preferences for efficiency, sustainability, and long-term cost.

Non-Rechargeable AA Batteries

Non-rechargeable AA batteries come in various types, each suited to different applications. These include zinc-carbon, alkaline, Li-FeS2, and NiOOH batteries.

- Zinc-Carbon Batteries:

Rated at 1.5V, they offer capacities ranging from 600 to 1600 mAh. Commonly used for low-drain applications, their limited capacity and shorter lifespan make them less suitable for high-drain devices.

- Alkaline Batteries:

Also rated at 1.5V, these batteries feature a higher capacity, typically ranging from 1800 to 2700 mAh. They strike a balance between performance and cost, making them a popular choice.

- NiOOH Batteries:

NiOOH batteries, rated at 1.5V, share similarities with alkaline batteries but are engineered for high-drain applications.

- Li-FeS2 Batteries:

These batteries, also rated at 1.5V, have capacities between 2700 and 3300 mAh, along with an impressive shelf life of up to 20 years.

- Other Types:

Batteries such as Li-SOCl2 and Li-MnO2 operate at higher voltages (3.5-3.6V and 3.0V respectively) and do not directly interface with 1.5V devices. These have extended shelf lives of 10-20 years and are designed for specific applications like industrial sensors, medical equipment, and military communications.

Rechargeable AA Batteries

Rechargeable AA batteries encompass several types, including nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium-ion (Li-ion) variants.

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries (NiCd)

These have a voltage of 1.2V and a capacity ranging from 600 to 1000 mAh. Despite their utility in certain applications, they are generally not recommended due to the presence of cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, and their tendency to exhibit memory effects, which can reduce their effective capacity over time.

Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries (NiMH)

NiMH batteries, also with a voltage of 1.2V, offer capacities from 700 to 1500 mAh—some models even reaching up to 2800 mAh. They are noted for their lower self-discharge rate compared to older technologies, allowing for more stable energy output over extended periods. This makes them highly suitable for devices that require consistent power delivery.

Lithium-Ion Batteries (Li-ion)

Li-ion AA batteries, though not extensively mentioned earlier, are gaining popularity due to their higher voltage (typically 3.6V or 3.7V), greater capacity, and lighter weight compared to NiCd and NiMH batteries. They lack memory effects and have significantly lower self-discharge rates. These attributes make Li-ion batteries a preferable option for modern electronics, where enhanced performance and longevity are sought after. Users have increasingly noted their extended life cycles and rapid charging capabilities, reinforcing their practicality for a wide range of applications.

AA Batteries Comparison Chart

The following comparison chart lists some of the most popular AA batteries on the market with their most important features and specifications:

Battery Datasheet	Capacity	Operating Temperature Shelf Life	Discharge Currents
Duracell AA Coppertop Alkaline	~3300 mAh down to 0.8V @5mA ~2700 mAh down to 0.8V @100mA	-20°C to +54°C -	-
Duracell AA Optimum Alkaline	~3500 mAh down to 0.8V @5mA ~2500 mAh down to 0.8V @100mA	-20°C to +54°C -	-
Duracell AA Quantum Alkaline	~3500 mAh down to 0.8V @5mA ~2900 mAh down to 0.8V @100mA	-20°C to +54°C -	-
Duracell AA Rechargeable NiMH	~2625 mAh down to 1.0V @250 mA	-10°C to +50°C -	-
EEMB ER14505 Li-SOCl2	2600 mA	-55°C to +85°C 10 years	50 mA max. cont. 100 mA max. pulse
EEMB ER14505M Li-SOCl2	2100 mA	-55°C to +85°C 10 years	300 mA max. cont. 1000 mA 0.5s max. pulse
EEMB LiP14500 LiFePO4	600 mAh down to 2.0V	-20°C to +60°C -	-
EEMB LiR14500 Li-Ion	800 mAh down to 2.75V	-20°C to +60°C -	800 mA max. cont.
Energizer E91 MAX Alkaline	~2900 mAh down to 0.8V @25mA @21°C	-18°C to +55°C 12 years @21°C	-
Energizer L91 Ultimate Lithium	~3500 mAh down to 0.8V @600mA @21°C	-40°C to +60°C 25 years @21°C	2.5A max. cont. 4A pulse (2s On, 8s Off)
Energizer NH15-2000 NiMH	2000 mAh down to 1.0V @400mA @21°C	0°C to +50°C -	-
Energizer NH15-2300 NiMH	2300 mAh down to 1.0V @460mA @21°C	0°C to +50°C -	-
GP Batteries 15G AA Zinc-Carbon	-	-	10Ω down to 0.9V for 6.5h
GP Batteries GN15A AA Alkaline	-	-	10Ω down to 0.9V for 18.5h
GP Batteries GN15AUP AA Alkaline	-	-	10Ω down to 0.9V for 20.2h
GP Batteries GP15LF AA Li-FeS2	-	-40°C to +60°C 10 years	3.3Ω down to 0.8V for ~7.5h
Kodak KAA Super Alkaline	2800 mAh over 75Ω down to 0.8V	-20°C to +54°C -	-
Kodak KAA Ultra Premium	3000 mAh over 75Ω down to 0.8V	-20°C to +54°C -	-
Kodak KAAFR Li-FeS2	2600 mAh over 75Ω down to 0.8V	-40°C to +60°C -	-
Kodak KAAHR NiMH	2600 mAh	0°C to +50°C -	5.0A max. down to 1.0V
Kodak KAAHZ	1050 mAh over 75Ω down to 0.8V	0°C to +45°C -	-
Kodak Xtralife Alkaline	2700 mAh over 75Ω down to 0.8V	-20°C to +54°C -	-
Minamoto ER14505 Li-SOCl2	2500 mAh down to 2.0V @1mA @20°C	-55°C to +85°C <1% annually @20°C	80 mA max. cont. 150 mA max. pulse
Panasonic Eneloop BK-3HCC	2550 mAh nominal ~2400 mAh @500mA; ~2300 mAh @2500mA	0°C to +50°C -	-
Panasonic LR6XWA AA Battery	~2900 mAh down to 0.9V @10mA @20°C ~2600 mAh down to 0.9V @100mA @20°C	-20°C to +54°C 7 years	-
ProCell AA PC1500	3125 mAh down to 0.8V @25mA @20°C	-20°C to +54°C -	-
ProCell AA PX1500	3112 mAh down to 0.8V @25mA @20°C	-20°C to +54°C -	-
Rayovac LR6 AA Alkaline	~2700 mAh down to 0.9V @50 mA	-30°C to +55°C 10 years @21°C	-
Saft LS 14500 Li-SOCl2	2600 mAh down to 2.0V @2mA @20°C	-60°C to +85°C <1% annually @20°C	50 mA max. cont.
Varta High Energy Alkaline	2960 mAh	-10°C to +50°C 10 years	-
Varta Industrial Pro Alkaline	2970 mAh	-20°C to +55°C 10 years	-
Varta LongLife Power Alkaline	2970 mAh	-10°C to +50°C 10 years	-

AA Batteries vs. 14500 Lithium-Ion Batteries

14500 lithium-ion batteries, despite their resemblance in size to AA batteries, present a notable difference in voltage, typically ranging from 3.6 to 3.7 volts. Equipped with built-in protection circuits, these batteries can prevent overcharging and over-discharging, ultimately contributing to a safer usage profile. However, they should not substitute AA batteries in devices unless verified to be compatible with the elevated voltage.

A critical consideration is the distinct variations in chemistry and voltage between 14500 and AA batteries. AA batteries usually provide 1.5V for alkaline types and 1.2V for NiMH rechargeable types, making them standard for numerous household electronics.

Frequently Asked Questions [FAQ]

1. What Does AA Battery Mean?

An AA battery is a cylindrical cell battery measuring 14.5 x 50.5 mm, extensively utilized in various household and electronic devices.

2. What Type of AA Battery is Best?

The "best" AA battery varies by application. For daily use, alkaline batteries from reputable brands offer good performance at a reasonable cost. Yet, if you're powering a high-drain device like a digital camera, lithium AA batteries might serve you better due to their longevity and efficiency.

3. What is the Difference Between AA and AAA Batteries?

Though AA and AAA batteries share a common name, they're quite different. AA batteries are larger, providing higher capacity and stronger current discharge. This makes them more apt for power-hungry devices, whereas AAA batteries fit better in smaller electronic gadgets.

4. Are AA Batteries Made of Lithium?

Yes, some AA batteries indeed utilize lithium chemistry. Lithium AA batteries boast an extended lifespan and robust performance, especially in extreme conditions compared to their alkaline counterparts. The chemical stability in various temperatures gives them an edge.

5. Can AA Batteries Replace AAA?

No, AA batteries cannot replace AAA batteries due to their size incompatibility. AAA batteries fit into smaller compartments designed specifically for them. This physical limitation underscores how critical proper battery selection is for device functionality.

6. Which is Stronger: AA or AAA Batteries?

AA batteries possess greater capacity and can deliver a stronger current than AAA batteries. This trait makes them more suitable for devices demanding high energy, such as radios and remote control cars. Curiously, this capacity difference can significantly influence the longevity and performance of your gadgets.

7. How to Charge AA Batteries Without a Charger?

It is strongly discouraged to charge AA batteries without a dedicated charger designed for that battery type. Using improper charging methods can result in battery damage and pose safety risks.

8. How Does Temperature Affect AA Battery Performance?

Temperature critically impacts AA battery performance. Colder temperatures slow chemical reactions within the battery, reducing energy output but may also decrease the rate of self-discharge. Generally, batteries operate optimally at moderate temperatures.

9. Are AA Batteries 1.2 Volt or 1.5 Volt? Are All AA Batteries 1.5V?

Typically, the nominal voltage of AA batteries is 1.5 volts. However, some rechargeable AA batteries, especially those made with nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) or nickel-cadmium (NiCd), have a nominal voltage of 1.2 volts. This voltage discrepancy could affect how they perform in your devices.

10. What is the Voltage of 2 AA Batteries? What About 4 AA Batteries?

When connected in series, two AA batteries provide a total voltage of 3.0V. Four AA batteries, on the other hand, yield 6.0V. This simple arithmetic allows easy voltage scaling for various applications.

11. Can AA Batteries Power a Light Bulb?

AA batteries are quite effective in powering LED flashlights and other small LED bulbs. Their power output and compact size make them ideal for portable lighting solutions.